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Consonants as final sounds

As final sounds, consonants adapts to the following word according to the external Sandhi rules described here.

(1) t adapts

Final "t" adapts to the following sound as the non-aspirate form (doubles it non-aspirated) before palatal (c/ch/j/jh), retroflex (ṭ/ṭh/ḍ/ḍh) plosives and "l". (spelled together)

Final "t" with initial "ś" becomes "cch". (spelled together)

Final sound Initial sound Sandhi
-t g/gh- -d-g/gh-
-t c/ch- -t-c/ch-
-t j/jh- -t-j/jh-
-t ṭ/ṭh- -ṭ-ṭ/ṭh-
-t l- -l-l-
-t ś- -c-ch-

(2) Plosive in front of voiced consonant (plosive), vowel, semivowel becomes soft

Final plosives (k, ṭ, t, p) preceding voiced initial sounds except for "h" and except for t before j/jhṭ/ḍ/ḍh (a/ā, i/ī, u/ū, e/ai, o/au, ṛ/ṝ, ḷ/ḹ, g/gh, j/jh, ḍ/ḍh, d/dh, b/bh, n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ, y/v/l/r) become voiced. (spelled together)

Final plosives (k, ṭ, t, p) before "h" as an initial sound become voiced, the "h" turns into the aspirate, doubled version of the preceding voiced consonant. (spelled together)

Final sound Initial sound Sandhi
-k/ṭ/t/p -voiced plosive/vowel
(g/gh,j/jh,ḍ/ḍh,d/dh,b/bh)		 -g/ḍ/d/b-voiced plosive/vowel-
-k/ṭ/p -semivowel
(y/v/r/l)		 -g/ḍ/b-semivowel-
-k/ṭ/t/p -h -g-gh- / -ḍ-ḍh- / -d-dh- / -b-bh-

(3) Plosives before nasals

Final plosives (k, ṭ, t, p) preceding nasals (ṅ/ñ/ṇ/n/m) turn into the class nasal. (spelled together)

Note

There are no words starting with ṅ/ñ/ṇ, therefore, as initial sounds, only n and m are possible.

Final sound Initial sound Sandhi
-k n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ- -ṅ-n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ-
-ṭ n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ- -ṇ-n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ-
-t n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ- -n-n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ-
-p n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ- -m-n/m/ṅ/ñ/ṇ-

(4) n before unvoiced sounds become Anusvāra with class fricative

Final n preceding unvoiced palatals (c/ch) turns into Anusvāra (ṁ) followed by the class fricative (ś). (spelled together)

Final n before unvoiced retroflexes (ṭ/ṭh) turns into Anusvāra (ṁ) followed by the class fricative (ṣ). (spelled together)

Final n before unvoiced dentals n (t/th) turns into Anusvāra (ṁ) followed by the class fricative (s). (spelled together)

Final sound Initial sound Sandhi
-n c/ch- -ṁś-c/ch-
-n ṭ/ṭh- ṁṣ-ṭ/ṭh
-n t/th- ṁs-t/th

(5) n before voiced plosives l and ś becomes class nasal

Final n preceding voiced palatals (j/jh) turns into the class nasal (ñ). (spelled together)

Final n before voiced retroflexes (ḍ/ḍh) turns into the class nasal (ṇ). (spelled together)

Final n before l turns into the Anusvāra (ṁ) followed by "l". Alternatively also with Chandra-Bindu above the Anusvāra. (spelled together)

Final n before ś turns into the class nasal (ñ). ś here turns into ch. (spelled together)

Final sound initial sound Sandhi
-n j/jh- -ñ-j/jh-
-n ḍ/ḍh- -ṇ-ḍ/ḍh-
-n l- -ṁl-l-
-n ś- -ñś-ch-

(6) short vowel+n before vowel doubles n (optionally also ṇ)

Final n (optionally also ṇ) after a short vowel and in front of another vowels doubles. (spelled together)

Final sound Initial sound Sandhi
-short vowel-n vowel -short vowel-nn-vowel-
-short vowel-ṇ (optionally) vowel -short vowel-ṇṇ-vowel-

(7) other final consonants (e.g. before vowel)

No change. (spelled together)

As a table

For those of you who love tables and charts, the same information once again in the format of a neat and concise table.

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