PYS 3.1–4: Saṃyama
PYS 3.1–4: Saṃyama

Yogaśāstra 3.1–4: Dhāraṇā, Dhyāna, and Samādhi

Dhāraṇā binds citta to a place, dhyāna maintains the same cognition uninterruptedly, and samādhi displays only the object; their unity is saṃyama.

Dr. Ronald Steiner Dr. Ronald Steiner Laura von Ostrowski Laura von Ostrowski
Patañjali Yoga Sūtra 3.1
देशबन्धश्चित्तस्य धारणा ||1||
deśa-bandhaś cittasya dhāraṇā ||1|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
deśa
tatpuruṣa-compound lokative
substantive masculine
place
bandhaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
binding
cittasya
genitive singular
substantive neuter
perceptual space
dhāraṇā
nominative singular
substantive feminine
concentration, cultivation of thinking
The fixing of Citta (cittasya | gen sg) on a place (deśa-bandhaḥ | nom sg) [is] Dhāraṇā (dhāraṇā | nom sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
Choose a clearly defined place (deśa)—for example, the navel area, the palm of one hand, or the movement of the breath. Let your attention rest there for several breaths (dhāraṇā).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The Vyāsa-Bhāṣya understands dhāraṇā as binding the activity of Citta to a particular place. It names the navel center, the heart-lotus, the light in the head, the tips of the nose or tongue, and external objects.

Yoga Śāstra Vyāsa-Bhāṣya
Fixing the internal organ (Citta) on a place is dhāraṇā (attention).
James R. Ballantyne - 1852
Concentration is the fixing of the mind to a certain locality.
Ganganatha Jha - 1907
Die Bindung des Cittam an einen Ort ist die Fesselung.
Paul Deussen - 1908
Binding the mind-stuff to a place is fixed-attention.
James Haughton Woods - 1914
Patañjali Yoga Sūtra 3.2
तत्र प्रत्ययैकतानता ध्यानम् ||2||
tatra pratyayaikatānatā dhyānam ||2|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tatra
adverb
there
pratyaya
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive masculine
content of consciousness, idea, impression
ekatānatā
nominative singular
substantive feminine
directed toward only one object
dhyānam
nominative singular
substantive neuter
absorption, contemplation
There (tatra), the uninterrupted continuity of a cognition (pratyayaikatānatā | nom sg) [is] Dhyāna (dhyānam | nom sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
As you gently return again and again to the same experience, concentration becomes a quiet, continuous stream (dhyāna).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The Vyāsa-Bhāṣya explains dhyāna as the uniform continuity of cognition (pratyayaikatānatā) directed toward the object of meditation at the chosen place. What matters is an uninterrupted stream of similar cognitions, untouched and unbroken by other cognitions.

Yoga Śāstra Vyāsa-Bhāṣya
A course of uniform (fixed on only object) modification of knowledge at that place (Where the internal organ is fixed in Dhāraṇā) is dhyāna (contemplation).
James R. Ballantyne - 1852
Contemplation consists in the uninterrupted current of cognition thereof.
Ganganatha Jha - 1907
Dabei erfolgt als Richtung des Vorstellungsvermögens auf einen Punkt die Meditation.
Paul Deussen - 1908
Focusedness of the presented idea upon that place is contemplation.
James Haughton Woods - 1914
Patañjali Yoga Sūtra 3.3
तदेवार्थमात्रनिर्भासं स्वरूपशून्यमिव समाधिः ||3||
tad evārtha-mātra-nirbhāsaṃ svarūpa-śūnyam iva samādhiḥ ||3|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tad
nominative singular neuter
pronoun dem
this
eva
particle
actually, exactly
artha
bahuvrīhi-compund
substantive masculine
Object, thing, goal
mātra
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive neuter
just, measure
nirbhāsam
nominative singular neuter
substantive masculine
shining, appearing
svarūpa
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive neuter
own form
śūnyam
nominative singular neuter
adjective
empty
iva
particle
as if
samādhiḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
Samādhi, perfect concentration
Precisely (eva) this [Dhyāna] (tad | nom sg n), shining forth as the object alone (artha-mātra-nirbhāsam | nom sg n) and, as if (iva), empty of its own form (svarūpa-śūnyam | nom sg n), [is] Samādhi (samādhiḥ | nom sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
When the effort of meditating recedes and only the experience remains vivid, a moment of deep absorption (samādhi) can arise. There is no need to hold it.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The Vyāsa-Bhāṣya describes samādhi as the point at which meditation appears solely in the form of its object (artha-mātra). Meditation’s own form recedes, as it were; because it enters into the nature of the object, it is called samādhi.

Yoga Śāstra Vyāsa-Bhāṣya
The same (contemplation) when it arises only about a material substance or object of sense (and therefore) is (then) like a non-existence of itself (that is like ignorance is samādhi (meditation).
James R. Ballantyne - 1852
The same, enlightening the object alone, and devoid of its own identity as it were, is Meditation.
Ganganatha Jha - 1907
Diese, wenn sie nur das Objekt widerspiegelt und gleichsam der eigenen Natur ledig ist, heißt Versenkung (vgl. 1,43).
Paul Deussen - 1908
This same [contemplation], shining forth [in consciousness] as the intended object and nothing more, and, as it were, emptied of itself, is concentration.
James Haughton Woods - 1914
Patañjali Yoga Sūtra 3.4
त्रयमेकत्र संयमः ||4||
trayam ekatra saṃyamaḥ ||4|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
trayam
nominative singular neuter
numeral
triad, the three
ekatra
adverb
in one place, together
saṃyamaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
Meditation, binding together
The triad (trayam | nom sg n) [of Dhāraṇā, Dhyāna, and Samādhi] at one [object] (ekatra) [is] Saṃyama (saṃyamaḥ | nom sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
Practise three movements as one arc: directing attention (dhāraṇā), staying with the experience (dhyāna), and becoming absorbed in it (samādhi). This arc is called Saṃyama.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The Vyāsa-Bhāṣya groups dhāraṇā, dhyāna, and samādhi into a triad (trayam). When these three means are directed toward a single object, the technical language of this teaching calls them saṃyama.

Yoga Śāstra Vyāsa-Bhāṣya
trayam ] tad etad dhāraṇādhyānasamādhitrayam PM2026
Critical Apparatus

PM2026 includes tad etad dhāraṇādhyānasamādhi- in the sūtra and names the triad explicitly. In PE1904 this phrase belongs to the preceding Bhāṣya, while the sūtra begins only with trayam. Little content is lost either way, but the boundary between sūtra and commentary changes. The working translation retains the shorter PE1904 sūtra.

Apparatus Comment
These there (when they operate only) on one object, constitute sanyama.
James R. Ballantyne - 1852
The three together constitute Sanyama.
Ganganatha Jha - 1907
[Die Fassung] der drei [Fesselung, Meditation und Versenkung] in eines ist die Allzucht.
Paul Deussen - 1908
The three in one are constraint.
James Haughton Woods - 1914

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Dr. Ronald Steiner

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