A thoughtful figure studies a silvery mother-of-pearl shell.
A thoughtful figure studies a silvery mother-of-pearl shell.

Gorakṣaśataka 95–100: Illusion, Contemplation and Unresolved Stages

Dreams and apparent silver reveal uncertainty in perception. The damaged wording prevents a conclusive interpretation of every statement.

Dr. Ronald Steiner Dr. Ronald Steiner
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 95
अन्तर् ओदेति दुःस्वप्नो यस्य प्रत्यय उत्थितः |
antar odeti duḥ-svapno; yasya pratyaya utthitaḥ | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
antar
adverb
within
udeti
3rd person singular aktive present
previx
verbal root
rises
duḥ
karmadhāraya-compound
dus
previx
bad
svapnaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
dream
yasya
genitive singular masculine
pronoun rel
whose
pratyayaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
conception
utthitaḥ
nominative singular masculine past participle passive
previx
verbal root
risen
पुरुषः किं प्रमत्तो ऽसौ गजोन्मत्तनिरीक्षवत् ||95||
puruṣaḥ kiṃ pramatto 'sau; gajonmatta-nirīkṣa-vat ||95|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
puruṣaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
the person
kim
particle
why
pramattaḥ
nominative singular masculine past participle passive
previx
verbal root
bewildered
asau
nominative singular masculine
pronoun dem
that person
gaja
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive masculine
elephant
unmatta
karmadhāraya-compound past participle passive
previx
verbal root
maddened
nirīkṣa
avyayībhāva-compund
nirīkṣa
substantive masculine
observer
vat
suffix
like
A bad dream (duḥ-svapnaḥ | nom sg) arises (udeti | 3p sg act pres) within (antar), whose (yasya | gen sg m) conception (pratyayaḥ | nom sg) has emerged (utthitaḥ | nom sg m ppp). Why (kim) is that (asau | nom sg m) person (puruṣaḥ | nom sg) bewildered (pramattaḥ | nom sg m ppp), as at the sight of a maddened elephant (gaja-unmatta-nirīkṣa-vat)?
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
An inner image can evoke strong feelings. Take the experience seriously while examining what it refers to.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The relationship between dream, conception and observer is only partly clear. The elephant image is provisionally understood as a comparison for responding to a threatening image.

Apparatus Comment
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 96
मृषैवोदेति सकलं मृषैव प्रविलीयते |
mṛṣaivodeti sakalaṃ; mṛṣaiva pravilīyate | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
mṛṣā
adverb
falsely, as an illusion
eva
particle
precisely
udeti
3rd person singular aktive present
previx
verbal root
rises
sakalam
nominative singular neuter
adjective
everything
mṛṣā
adverb
falsely, as an illusion
eva
particle
indeed; precisely
pravilīyate
3rd person singular medial present
previx
previx
verbal root
dissolves completely
रौप्यबुद्धिः शुक्तिकायां स्त्रीपुंसो भ्रमतो यथा ||96||
raupya-buddhiḥ śuktikāyāṃ; strī-puṃso bhramato yathā ||96|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
raupya
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive neuter
silver
buddhiḥ
nominative singular
substantive feminine
conception
śuktikāyām
lokative singular
substantive feminine
in mother-of-pearl
strī
dvandva-compound
substantive feminine
woman
puṃsoḥ
genitive dual
substantive masculine
of a woman and a man
bhramataḥ
bhramatas
adverb
through error
yathā
particle
as, so that
Everything (sakalam | nom sg n) arises (udeti | 3p sg act pres) merely (eva) as an illusion (mṛṣā) and dissolves completely (pravilīyate | 3p sg med pres) merely (eva) as an illusion (mṛṣā), just as (yathā), through error (bhramataḥ), a woman and a man (strī-puṃsoḥ | gen du) conceive of silver (raupya-buddhiḥ | nom sg) in mother-of-pearl (śuktikāyām | loc sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
A glittering impression can deceive. On looking more closely, you can let your first interpretation change.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer
mṛṣaivodeti ] mūṣaivodeti JMoJ
mṛṣaiva pravilīyate ] mūṣaiva pravilīyate JMoJ
Critical Apparatus

I adopt mṛṣā, “falsely, as an illusion”, twice from the parallel Yogakuṇḍalinī-Upaniṣad 1.80 in place of the working text’s mūṣā, “crucible”. Mallinson already records the difference in his Sanskrit note; his 2012 translation (p. 271) likewise follows the sense “falsely”. With mṛṣā, arising and passing away fit the ensuing example of deception: mother-of-pearl is mistaken for silver. This is an explicitly selected reading from a parallel text, not a newly collated GoS manuscript. Both changes are reflected in the Sanskrit and segment analysis; the syllable count is unchanged.

Apparatus Comment
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 97
स्वप्नज्ञानं न देहाख्यं सैव वा संभवेद्दृढम् |
svapna-jñānaṃ na dehākhyaṃ; saiva vā saṃbhaved dṛḍham | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
svapna
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive masculine
dream
jñānam
nominative singular
substantive neuter
knowledge
na
particle
not
deha
upapada-compound
substantive masculine
body
ākhyam
nominative singular neuter
adjective
called
saḥ
nominative singular masculine
pronoun dem
that one
eva
particle
indeed; precisely
vā
particle
or
saṃbhavet
3rd person singular aktive optative
previx
verbal root
it might arise
dṛḍham
adverb
firmly
तथैव सुविचारेण स्थिरं च भ्रमणादनु ||97||
tathaiva su-vicāreṇa; sthiraṃ ca bhramaṇād anu ||97|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tathā
adverb
thus
eva
particle
indeed; precisely
su
karmadhāraya-compound
previx
good
vicāreṇa
instrumental case singular
substantive masculine
through inquiry
sthiram
nominative singular neuter
adjective
firm
ca
particle
and
bhramaṇāt
ablative singular
substantive neuter
after error
anu
particle
after
Dream knowledge (svapna-jñānam | nom sg) is not (na) what is called the body (deha-ākhyam | nom sg n); or (vā) that [body] (saḥ | nom sg m) itself (eva) might (saṃbhavet | 3p sg act opt) [appear] firm (dṛḍham). And (ca), in the same way (tathā), [understanding becomes] stable (sthiram | nom sg n) only (eva) after (anu) error (bhramaṇāt | abl sg), through thorough inquiry (su-vicāreṇa | ins sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
Careful inquiry can change an initial certainty. Sometimes only afterwards do you recognise where you were mistaken.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer
saiva ] sa eva JMoJ
Critical Apparatus

I read saiva instead of sa eva as an editorial conjecture. This gives the second pāda, saiva vā saṃbhaved dṛḍham, eight syllables rather than nine and the pattern GLGGLGLG; with this reading, the whole verse follows the Anuṣṭubh pattern. The conjecture joins sa, already derived from saḥ, once more with eva. This is double sandhi: under the regular visarga rule, sa eva remains separate. The additional contraction is attested as a linguistic phenomenon but is not secured for this Gorakṣaśataka passage by an independently checked Sanskrit witness. I adopt it in IAST and Velthuis; no syllable is added and no asterisk used.

The analysis remains saḥ + eva, not sā + eva. I provisionally refer the masculine pronoun to the body named in dehākhyam. The second half-verse receives “understanding” as a supplied subject: after error it becomes stable through thorough inquiry. Mallinson (2012, p. 272) supplies the sense of truth here. Both additions open up the context without being secured by an explicit Sanskrit noun. The metrical conjecture does not clarify these references.

Apparatus Comment
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 98
तथैवेदं शरीरं तु दृढभावनया स्फुटं |
tathaivedaṃ śarīraṃ tu; dṛḍha-bhāvanayā sphuṭaṃ | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tathā
adverb
thus
eva
particle
precisely
idam
nominative singular neuter
pronoun dem
this
śarīram
nominative singular
substantive neuter
body
tu
particle
however
dṛḍha
karmadhāraya-compound
adjective
firmly
bhāvanayā
instrumental case singular
substantive feminine
through contemplation, through imagining
sphuṭam
nominative singular neuter
adjective
distinct
अधिभौतिकभावेन जडरूपं विजृम्भते ||98||
adhibhautika-bhāvena; jaḍa-rūpaṃ vijṛmbhate ||98|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
adhibhautika
karmadhāraya-compound
adhibhautika
adjective
pertaining to the elements
bhāvena
instrumental case singular
substantive masculine
in the condition
jaḍa
karmadhāraya-compound
adjective
insentient
rūpam
nominative singular neuter
substantive neuter
having the form
vijṛmbhate
3rd person singular medial present
previx
verbal root
manifests
In the same way (tathā), however (tu), this (idam | nom sg n) very (eva) body (śarīram | nom sg) manifests (vijṛmbhate | 3p sg med pres) distinctly (sphuṭam | nom sg n), through firmly sustained contemplation (dṛḍha-bhāvanayā | ins sg), as an insentient form (jaḍa-rūpam | nom sg n), in its condition of being composed of the elements (adhibhautika-bhāvena | ins sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
Ideas shape how you experience your body. You can investigate their effects without denying bodily experience.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

I render dṛḍhabhāvanā here as sustained contemplation. Together with suvicāra, thorough inquiry in the preceding verse, this yields an examination of the body as a formation composed of elements and itself insentient. Mallinson (2012, p. 272) likewise understands the expression as thorough inward contemplation. bhāvanā can also mean imagining or bringing to mind; that alternative is not additionally included in the reading text.

Apparatus Comment
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 99
तथैवम् अविचारेण प्राणाभ्यासक्रमस्तथा |
tathaivam a-vicāreṇa; prāṇābhyāsa-kramas tathā | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tathā
adverb
thus
evam
adverb
thus
a
karmadhāraya-compound
previx
not
vicāreṇa
instrumental case singular
substantive masculine
through inquiry
prāṇa
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive masculine
breath
abhyāsa
tatpuruṣa-compound genitive
substantive masculine
practice
kramaḥ
nominative singular
substantive masculine
sequence
tathā
adverb
likewise
यथा विलीयते यस्तु उभैदैषेदवस्तु तम् ||99||
yathā vilīyate yas tu; ubhaidaiṣed avastu tam ||99|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
yathā
particle
as, so that
vilīyate
3rd person singular medial present
previx
verbal root
dissolves
yaḥ
nominative singular masculine
pronoun rel
which
tu
particle
however
ubhaidaiṣed
unclear: damaged sequence of words
avastu
nominative singular
substantive neuter
unreal thing
tam
accusative singular masculine
pronoun dem
that one
Likewise (tathā), in this way (evam), through a lack of inquiry (a-vicāreṇa | ins sg), [so it is with] the sequence of breath practice (prāṇa-abhyāsa-kramaḥ | nom sg). As (yathā) that [sequence] (yaḥ | nom sg m) dissolves (vilīyate | 3p sg med pres), so (tathā) [one should regard] it (tam | acc sg m), however (tu), [as] unreal (avastu | nom sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
Keep examining even a familiar path of practice. A practised form does not replace your own attention.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer

The second half-verse contains the sequence ubhaidaiṣed, which cannot be securely segmented. Mallinson (2012, p. 272) also marks a crux here. I invent neither a word translation nor a new Sanskrit reading for this sequence: it is retained in full in the Sanskrit and segment list but receives no separate word correspondence in either the German or English reading text. This is an explicitly delimited translation gap. I provisionally connect the remaining words as follows: the sequence of breath practice dissolves and is regarded as unreal. “One should regard” supplies the missing clause element connecting with tam; the form of this verb is not derived from ubhaidaiṣed. The ultimate reference of avastu and the contrast between inquiry and lack of inquiry remain open.

Apparatus Comment
Gorakṣaśataka (Original) 100
तथैव भूमिकाः सप्त ज्ञानजन्यसमुद्भवात् |
tathaiva bhūmikāḥ sapta; jñāna-janya-samudbhavāt | Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
tathaiva
adverb
likewise
bhūmikāḥ
nominative plural
substantive feminine
stages
sapta
nominative plural feminine
saptan
numeral
seven
jñāna
upapada-compound
substantive neuter
knowledge
janya
karmadhāraya-compound
adjective
produced
samudbhavāt
ablative singular
substantive masculine
through arising
अनग्निप्रोक्तम् इत्यादौ सदासुखम् अवाप्नुयात् ||100||
anagni-proktam ityādau; sadā-sukham avāpnuyāt ||100|| Analysis ▾ Analysis ▴
anagni
unclear: provisionally without fire
proktam
nominative singular neuter past participle passive
previx
verbal root
described
iti
particle
thus
ādau
lokative singular
substantive masculine
at the beginning, in states such as
sadā
karmadhāraya-compound
adverb
always
sukham
accusative singular
substantive neuter
happiness
avāpnuyāt
3rd person singular aktive optative
previx
verbal root
one should attain
Likewise (tathaiva), [there are] seven (sapta | nom pl f) stages (bhūmikāḥ | nom pl), because they arise from what is produced by knowledge (jñāna-janya-samudbhavāt | abl sg). In [states] beginning with (ādau | loc sg) that described as “without fire” (anagni-proktam | nom sg n ppp), thus (iti), one should attain (avāpnuyāt | 3p sg act opt) perpetual happiness (sadā-sukham | acc sg).
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - historically literal
A path can have several stages without each already being clearly named. Let understanding and experience inform what you do next.
Dr. Ronald Steiner - 2026 - modern transfer
jñāna ] jñāya R7874apJM
Critical Apparatus

I provisionally understand anagni literally as “without fire” and proktam as “described as such”. Like Mallinson (2012, p. 272), I read ityādau as a reference to states beginning with this designation; “states” is therefore supplied. The grammar and substantive meaning of the expression remain uncertain. The seven bhūmikās are not individually named here. jñāna is already Mallinson’s conjecture. The translation claims no identification with a particular developed doctrine of stages.

Apparatus Comment

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