Notes on the forms
You learn each pattern through fixed example words. Model forms follow the rules of the cited grammar; attested forms refer to examples given there. Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada are two sets of personal endings. A form’s meaning depends on its context, and the game offers one possible translation. Highlights help you compare forms. In Vedic tables, you practise the filled cells. Links from participles take you to suitable declension tables.
Perfect participle · middle
| Source form | Derived form | Formation and meaning |
|---|---|---|
| budh |
bubudhāna · बुबुधान
Model form |
Perfect middle participle · stemhaving awokenStudy the corresponding declension |
| nī |
ninyāna · निन्यान
Model form |
Perfect middle participle · stemhaving ledStudy the corresponding declension |
| dā |
dadāna · ददान
Model form |
Perfect middle participle · stemhaving givenStudy the corresponding declension |
| jan |
jajñāna · जज्ञान
Model form |
Perfect middle participle · stemhaving been bornStudy the corresponding declension |
| vac |
ūcāna · ऊचान
Model form |
Perfect middle participle · stemhaving spokenStudy the corresponding declension |
Here you practise how the form is built from the verb. For participles, you first learn the stem. Follow the links to suitable masculine declension patterns to study their inflected forms. This older formation occurs rarely in later classical Sanskrit (§807).
Source: William Dwight Whitney: Sanskrit Grammar (1889), § 806–807
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