Notes on the forms
You learn each pattern through fixed example words. Model forms follow the rules of the cited grammar; attested forms refer to examples given there. Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada are two sets of personal endings. A form’s meaning depends on its context, and the game offers one possible translation. Highlights help you compare forms. In Vedic tables, you practise the filled cells. Links from participles take you to suitable declension tables.
Perfect participle · active
| Source form | Derived form | Formation and meaning |
|---|---|---|
| budh |
bubudhvāṃs · बुबुध्वांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemhaving awokenStudy the corresponding declension |
| nī |
ninīvāṃs · निनीवांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemhaving ledStudy the corresponding declension |
| kṛ |
cakṛvāṃs · चकृवांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemhaving doneStudy the corresponding declension |
| vid |
vidvāṃs · विद्वांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemknowingStudy the corresponding declension |
| tan |
tenivāṃs · तेनिवांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemhaving stretchedStudy the corresponding declension |
| vac |
ūcivāṃs · ऊचिवांस्
Model form |
Perfect active participle · strong stemhaving spokenStudy the corresponding declension |
Here you practise how the form is built from the verb. For participles, you first learn the stem. Follow the links to suitable masculine declension patterns to study their inflected forms.
Source: William Dwight Whitney: Sanskrit Grammar (1889), § 802–805
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