Handwritten Devanāgarī lines on a manuscript page.

Past participle · ta, ita, na

See how verb forms are built from roots or stems. In the game, match the forms with their meanings.

Notes on the forms

You learn each pattern through fixed example words. Model forms follow the rules of the cited grammar; attested forms refer to examples given there. Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada are two sets of personal endings. A form’s meaning depends on its context, and the game offers one possible translation. Highlights help you compare forms. In Vedic tables, you practise the filled cells. Links from participles take you to suitable declension tables.

Past participle · ta, ita, na

Past participle · ta, ita, na
Source formDerived formFormation and meaning
kṛ
kṛta · कृत Model form
 Past participle · stemmadeStudy the corresponding declension
dā
datta · दत्त Model form
 Past participle · stemgivenStudy the corresponding declension
vac
ukta · उक्त Model form
 Past participle · stemspokenStudy the corresponding declension
gam
gata · गत Model form
 Past participle · stemgoneStudy the corresponding declension
bhū
bhūta · भूत Model form
 Past participle · stembecomeStudy the corresponding declension
pat
patita · पतित Model form
 Past participle · stemfallenStudy the corresponding declension
bhid
bhinna · भिन्न Model form
 Past participle · stemsplitStudy the corresponding declension
pṛ
pūrṇa · पूर्ण Model form
 Past participle · stemfilledStudy the corresponding declension

Here you practise how the form is built from the verb. For participles, you first learn the stem. Follow the links to suitable masculine declension patterns to study their inflected forms. With verbs that take a direct object (transitive verbs), the participle is usually passive in meaning. With intransitive verbs, it often describes a past action of the subject.

Source: William Dwight Whitney: Sanskrit Grammar (1889), § 952–957

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