Notes on the forms
You learn each pattern through fixed example words. Model forms follow the rules of the cited grammar; attested forms refer to examples given there. Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada are two sets of personal endings. A form’s meaning depends on its context, and the game offers one possible translation. Highlights help you compare forms. In Vedic tables, you practise the filled cells. Links from participles take you to suitable declension tables.
speak
| Persons | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd person |
uvāca · उवाच
Model form
he / she / it spoke
|
ūcatuḥ · ऊचतुः
Model form
they both spoke
|
ūcuḥ · ऊचुः
Model form
they spoke
|
| 2nd person |
uvaktha · उवक्थ
Model form
uvacitha · उवचिथ
Model form
you spoke
|
ūcathuḥ · ऊचथुः
Model form
you both spoke
|
ūca · ऊच
Model form
you spoke
|
| 1st person |
uvaca · उवच
Model form
uvāca · उवाच
Model form
I spoke
|
ūciva · ऊचिव
Model form
we both spoke
|
ūcima · ऊचिम
Model form
we spoke
|
The forms follow Whitney’s formation rules. Compare the highlighted parts to see how each form changes. The translation gives one possible meaning; the sentence provides the context.
Source: William Dwight Whitney: Sanskrit Grammar (1889), § 800
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